Russian: how to say the date
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Like many European languages, the date in Russian is said in the order of "day," "month," then "year." In other words, May 12 is said "the twelfth of May" and written as 12/5.
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Какое сегодня число?
When answering the question "What date is today?", the ordinal number is in the neuter form and the month and year are in the genitive case.
Какое сегодня число?
Сегодня пятое.
Сегодня пятое апреля.
Сегодня пятое апреля 2008 (две тысячи восьмого) года.
Когда?
On a Date
When saying the date (like with the question "Какого числа?"), the genitive case is used.
Я вернусь первого июня.
I will return on June 1st.
On a Day
Days use в and the accusative case.
Он приехал в среду.
He arrived on Wednesday.
On a Week
When saying something occurred during a certain week, на and the prepositional case are used.
Я ездил к врачу на этой неделе.
I went to the doctor's office this week.
In Months, Years, etc.
When months and larger units of time are given, then в and the prepositional case is used much like in English.
Они путешествобали по Европы в прошлом месяце.
The traveled around Europe last month.
Театр построили в 1998 (тысяча деватьсот девяносто восьмом) году.
The theater was built in 1998.
Театр построили в октябре 1998 (тысяча деватьсот девяносто восьмого) года.
The theater was built in October 1998.
Weeks, Months, Years from Now
To say something will happen "in a week" or "a week from now," через and the accusative case are used.
Через два месяца, я прийду в Нью Йорк.
In two weeks I will move to New York.
In a Season or Time of Day
When an action took place during a period of time (season or time of day) uses the instrumental case without a preposition.
Мой день рождения осенью.
My birthday is in the fall
For...
Saying when an action starts after another completed uses на and the accusative case.
Вы на долго приехали сюда?
For how long are you here?
Она ездила на неделю в Петербург.
She went to Saint Petersburg for a week.
To express for how long something took place, use the accusative case without a preposition.
Они работали там всё лето.
They worked there every summer.
From... to...
Saying something happens "from... to..." takes the form "c... до..." with both using the genitive case.
Тот магазин закроется с пятницы до понедельника. That store will be closed from Friday to Monday.
...Ago
Saying any amount of time ago uses the phrase "тому назад," or simply "назад." If the unit of time is singular (one week ago, a year ago), it takes the accusative case.
Мой друг жил в Калифорнии семь лет тому назад.
My friend lived in California seven years ago.
Duration of an Action
To express how long an action will take, use за and the accusative case.
Мы это сделаем за час.
We will finish this in an hour.
Vocabulary
Days
Monday - понедельник
Tuesday - вторник
Wednesday - среда
Thursday - четверг
Friday - пятница
Saturday - суббота
Sunday - воскресенье
Months
January - январь
February - февраль
March - март
April - апрель
May - май
June - июнь
July - июль
August - август
September - сентябрь
October - октябрь
November - ноябрь
December - декабрь
Other
day - день
morning - утро
evening - вечер
night - ночь
winter - зима
spring - весна
summer - лето
autumn - осень
week - неделя
month - месяц
year - год
century - век
