Just Read! Lesson 01 - Asha'ille Explanation
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The Copula
Asha'ille does not use a verb where the English uses the copula verb to be. Instead, Asha'ille has a specialized contruction:
- jhor'NOSA t'NODA
- THING ONE is THING TWO, or
- THING ONE is the same as THING TWO
So, in lesson 01:
- Jhor'Jan t'enire.
- John is short. (lit. equivalent: John, and short)
Note that Jan and John are pronounced identically (at least in my California English dialect): IPA [dʒɑn], X-SAMPA [dZAn]. The proper name has merely been transliterated to preserve the pronunciation under Asha'illen orthographic rules.
Later in the lesson, the same thing happens with the proper name Mary, transliterated as Meri: IPA [mɛɹi], X-SAMPA [mEr\i]. Note that neither name is native to Asha'ille.
- Jhor'Jan t'chi t'enire.
- John is young and short. (lit. equivalent: John, and young, and short)
You can think of it as mathematical equals signs, if that makes more sense to you: John == young == short
Pro-forms
Pronoun: no stands for the last noun explicitly stated
Pro-verb: vo stands for the last noun explicitly stated, including any tense or person information
If the last noun mentioned was Jan (John), then no would mean he:
- Jhor'no t'enire.
- He is short. (lit. equivalent: it, and short)
Note that in Asha'ille, unlike English, pronouns are not marked for gender (or case, for that matter). Thus, he, she, him, her, it are all translated as no.
Adverbs
An adverb describes a verb; in all but one case (tei, with) Asha'ille uses adverbs where English would use prepositions.
- Jhor'Jan t'vae saea.
- John is here. (lit. equivalent: John, and where: here)
- Jhor'Meri t'vae kasaea.
- Mary is there. (lit. equivalent: Mary, and where: there)
UNDER CONSTRUCTION, THIS POINT FORWARD -- Arthaey 02:09, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
- Daedh jhor'aerdhisa t'chi.
- Jhor'no t'kr enire.
- Jhor'no t'yimóth.
- Jhor'no t'vastille.
- Énillev Jan ne ejhejh.
- Kr'énillev Meri ne ejhejh.
- Énillev Meri ne shola.
- Daedh énillev ne migrá.
- Énillev ne shola t'migrá.
- Jhor'Jan t'chi sarn.
- Jhor'Meri t'chi san.
- Jhor'Jan t'chi sarn, t'ves jhor'Meri t'chi san.
- Jhor'aerdhisa ar t'enire, kret'jhor aerdhisa ah t'yimóth.
- Jhor'Jan t'iyen lli.
- Daedh jhor'Meri t'iyen lli.
- Jhor'Jan Meri t'iyen llim.
- Jhor'aerdhisom t'iyen llim.
- Jhor'aerdhisom t'chi.
- Jhor'Jan t'vae sae, kret'jhor Meri t'vae kasaea.
- Kor'aerdhisa ar t'vae kasaea, t'ves jhor'no t'vae saea.
- Kor'aerdhisa ah t'vae saea, t'ves jhor'no t'vae kasaea.
- Kr'énillev Jan ne migrá, kret'jhi vo Meri.
- Kr'énillev Meri ne ejhejh, kret'jhi vo Jan.
- Énillev Jan ne ejhejh, kret'vo Meri ne migrá.
- Jhor'Jan Meri t'illem.
- Jhor'aerdhisom t'illem.
Conjugations
- Jhor'aerdhisa t'chi.
- He is young. (lit. equivalent: the first person mentioned, and young)
Dropped Apostrophes
Orthographic rules of Asha'ille allow only one apostrophe per visual word (that is, letters surrounded by whitespace), even when the underlying words or morphemes have more. For example, consider the words má'en trail and vae' where. If these words are combined, to mean on the trail, you might first assume it would be written as:
- *vae'má'en
However, because the visual word is limited to a single apostrophe, the second apostrophe is dropped:
- vae'má en
If a third word with an apostrophe were added, the previously dropped apropstrophe would "reappear" because its presence would no longer break the rule:
- kr'vae má'en
Understanding this rule is clearly important for correctly reading, analyzing, and comprehending written Asha'ille. It's also crucial to recognize the underlying words or morphemes, so that you know what to look up in a dictionary, should you need to.
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