Izel-hâr - Lesson two
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Chidhernadh gwan – Lesson two
Nouns
There’s no difference in Izel-hâr between feminine and masculine nouns (as in English). Izelic nouns can be declined by four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and (archaic, but still used) locative.
Genitive
The ending of genitive is –a added to the end of word. If word ends with vowel, -a replace the final letter. E.g.:
N. temdh (time) – G. temdha (of time)
N. herkse (summer) – G. herksa (of summer)
N. süta (life) – G. süta (of life)
When word ends with –a, then genitive is the same as nominative.
Accusative
Accusative is formed by mutation of initial consonant.
Rules of mutation:
b > m
p > f
bh > w
ph > v
f > v
d > n
t > th
dh > z
th > s
z > zh
s > sh
ch > zh
g > j
k > h
gh > h
kh > g
h > disappears
E.g.:
N. bhörnd (brother) – A. wörnd [Mî voth’ wörnd. – I meet brother.]
N. dubbhah (squirrel) – A. nubbhah [Tî thardan nubbhah. – We see squirrel.]
N. hâr (language) – A. âr [Zü ir chidhernan âr. – They learn language.]
Other initial consonants [w, v, l, r, m, n, c, k, j] and vowels do not change.
Locative
We form locative by adding îd- in front of the word, e.g.:
N. davr (home) – L. îd-davr (in home)
N. khôl (joy) – L. îd-khôl (in joy)
N. phêtadh (house) – L. îd-phêtadh (in house)
Îd- has its own stress.
We use locative when want to say that something is inside of thing. Besides this case is used when the preposition describing the noun doesn’t stand in front of the word, e.g.:
abh phêtadh khirameb – on big house [lit. on house big]
abh khirameb îd-phêtadh – on big house
Plural
To form plural of noun we have to add –on or –n [if noun ends with vowel] to the end of word:
sg. aphas (star) – pl. aphason (stars)
sg. rünabbha (book) – pl. rünabbhan (books)
If we want to express plural genitive we have to add –a to plural form:
N. aphason (stars) – G. aphasona (of stars)
N. rünabbhan (books) – G. rünabbhana (of books)
Plural locative is formed by adding îd- in front of plural form of noun.
Adjectives
Adjectives are always in this same case as nouns described by them [except of locative]. E.g.:
N. Sg. arkard aphas (last star) - arkardaz aphason (last stars) [Plural]
N. gward laska (green plain) - gwarda laska (of green plain) [Genitive]
N. glarod thinto (beautiful flower) - glarod sinto (beautiful flower) [Accusative]
Vocabulary
aphas – star
arkard - last
bhörnd – brother
davr - home
dubbhah – squirrel
glarod - beautiful
gward - green
hâr - language
herkse – summer
khirameb - big
khôl – joy
laska - plain
phêtadh – house
rünabbha - book
süta - life
temdh – time
