Italian verbs: Tenses
From UniLang Wiki
Contents |
Conjugations: Other Tenses
The previous page had an explanation of the types of conjugations for the present tense. This page examines the other tenses and moods, with each one explaning the conjugation distinctions.
Information on the Imperative, as well as participles, gerunds and infinitive, can be found here.
Indicative Mood: Simple Tenses
In addition to the present indicative, there are also three simple tenses: imperfect, future, and preterite.
Preterite
The preterite is examined on its own page.
Imperfect
The imperfect is formed by adding a standard affix in /v/ to the verb stem. Here, the verb stem is formed by dropping the -re of the infinitive.
The imperfect is formed thus:
| "to sing" (are) | "to see" (ére) | "to put" (ere) | "to finish" (ire w/ isc) | "to sleep" (ire w/o isc) | |
| 1sg io
| cantavo
| vedevo
| mettevo
| finivo
| dormivo
|
Note that all third conjugation verbs take the same affix; the -isc- affix is not used.
Stress
Stress for the imperfect is also uniform; stress is on the theme vowel in the singular forms and the third person plural, while stress is on the affix in first and second person plural. This applies to all conjugations.
| can-TA-vo
| ve-DE-vo
| met-TE-vo
| fi-NI-vo
| dor-MI-vo
|
Future
The future is formed by adding a standard affix to the infinitive (minus the final e. The main irregularity is that the first conjugation verbs in are change ar to er. (There are other irregularities discussed below.)
The future is formed thus:
| "to sing" (are) | "to see" (ére) | "to put" (ere) | "to finish" (ire w/ isc) | "to sleep" (ire w/o isc) | |
| 1sg io
| canterò
| vedrò
| metterò
| finirò
| dormirò
|
Certain verbs have irregular forms (as vedere has above). For more on irregular forms, click here.
Verbs in -are that have c or g have two different changes:
- hard c, g change to ch, gh
- soft c, g change ci, gi to c, g
| "to begin" (soft c) | "to play" (hard c) | ||
| 1sg io
| comincerò
| giocherò
|
Stress
Stress for the future is on the affix for all persons, and applies to all conjugations.
| can-te-RÒ
| ve-DRÒ
| met-te-RÒ
| fi-ni-RÒ
| dor-mi-RÒ
|
Indicative Mood: Compound Tenses
Italian features a set of compound tenses, based either on avere (to have) or essere (to be). The three compound tenses are: Past (Italian "passato prossimo"), Pluperfect ("trapassato prossimo"), and Future Perfect ("futuro anteriore")
"Avere" vs. "Essere"
The choice of whether to use avere or essere depends on the type of verb:
- non-reflexive transitive verbs (i.e. verbs that take a direct object) use avere
- intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take a direct object), verbs of motion, and reflexive verbs (even if those verbs are based on transitive verbs) take essere
Some verbs, like dormire (which doesn't take a direct object), take avere anyway.
Past
(NB: for ease, the Italian term "passato prossimo" will be used below.)
The passato prossimo is formed by placing the present indicative form of auxiliary avere/essere before the past participle of the main verb.
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| ho cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| sono partito/a
|
Pluperfect
The pluperfect, called trapassato prossimo in Italian, is formed by placing the imperfect indicative form of auxiliary avere/essere before the past participle of the main verb.
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| avevo cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| ero partito/a
|
Future Perfect
The future perfect, called futuro anteriore in Italian, is formed by placing the future indicative form of auxiliary avere/essere before the past participle of the main verb.
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| avrò cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| sarò partito/a
|
Compound Tenses and Agreement
Note that the compound tenses that use essere have a change in the past participle depending on whether a male or female is the subject (even in the first person), or whether there are several subjects:
Q (to a female): Tu sei partita ieri sera? (Did you leave last night?)
A: Si, sono finita. (Yes, I left.)
<p>
Q (to you.pl): Siete stati qui stamattina? (Were you here this morning?)
A: No, non siamo stati qui, ma le ragazze sono state qua. (No, we weren't here, but the girls were here.)
Note also that in verbs that take avere, the past participle may agree with the object of the verb; the past participle must agree if an object pronoun is used:
<p>
Q: Hai messo la tavola? (Did you set the table?)
A: Si, l'ho messa. (Yes, I set it.)
Conditional Mood
The conditional is a separate mood in Italian that is used (usually with the subjunctive) to indicate an act conditional on another act.
Present Conditional
The present form of the conditional is formed like the future indicative tense, with all the changes of that tense. (See above). The forms are thus:
| "to sing" (are) | "to see" (ére) | "to put" (ere) | "to finish" (ire w/ isc) | "to sleep" (ire w/o isc) | |
| 1sg io
| canterei
| vedrei
| metterei
| finirei
| dormirei
|
| "to begin" (soft c) | "to play" (hard c) | ||
| 1sg io
| comincerei
| giocherei
|
Stress
Stress for the conditional is on the affix for all persons, and applies to all conjugations.
| can-te-REI
|
Future -emo vs. Conditional -emmo
It is very important to distinguish between the future form of the first person plural, and the conditional form:
Andremo in biblioteca quando la nostra mamma viene a casa (We will go to the library when mom comes home)
vs.
Andremmo in biblioteca se la nostra mamma fosse a casa (We would go to the library if mom were home)
Past Conditional
The past conditional is formed by placing the conditional form of auxiliary avere/essere before the past participle of the main verb.
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| avrei cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| sarei partito/a
|
Subjunctive Mood
The subjunctive (Italian "congiuntivo") is the mood in Italian used in subordinate clauses. There are myriad uses, most of which give difficulty to English speakers.
Mostly, the subjunctive is used for desire/request, impersonal statements, and counterfactual statements.
There are two simple forms, the present and imperfect; and two compound forms, the past and the pluperfect.
Present Subjunctive
The present form of the subjunctive is formed from the present stem. For each conjugation, the endings in the singular are identical to each other. Each conjugation has some peculiarities:
- Verbs in are have theme vowel i throughout. This means that verbs in care/gare experience the types of changes found elsewhere that are needed to preserve their hard sounds.
- Verbs in ere and ire have theme vowel a throughout. Also, verbs in ire that have affix -isc- have this affix for the same forms in the present subjunctive.
| "to sing" (are) | "to see" (ére) | "to put" (ere) | "to finish" (ire w/ isc) | "to sleep" (ire w/o isc) | |
| 1sg io
| canti
| veda
| metta
| finisca
| dorma
|
Note the following first-conjugation verbs:
| "to begin" (soft c) | "to play" (hard c) | "to study" (stem with i) | ||
| 1sg io
| cominci
| giochi
| studii
|
Contrast the rule in the second and third conjugations:
vince (he wins) /'vin tSe/
vs. vinca (that he win) /'viN ka/
First and Second Person Plural Forms
Note that the first person plural forms for the present subjuntive for all conjugations is -iamo, and that the present indicative forms are also all -iamo. This means that -iamo is the affix for all present tense forms in the first person plural.
Note also that for all conjugations, the second person plural affix is -iate.
Stress
Stress rules are the same for the present subjunctive as they are for the present indicative.
Imperfect Subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive (most often used with the conditional) is formed with an affix in /ss/ attached to the verb stem. The first and second person forms are idential to each other. Also note that third-conjugation verbs with affix -isc- lack this affix:
| "to sing" (are) | "to see" (ére) | "to put" (ere) | "to finish" (ire w/ isc) | "to sleep" (ire w/o isc) | |
| 1sg io
| cantassi
| vedessi
| mettessi
| finissi
| dormissi
|
Compound Subjunctive Forms: Past and Pluperfect
The past subjunctive is made with the present subjunctive forms of avere/essere plus the past participle:
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| abbia cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| sia partito/a
|
The pluperfect forms use the imperfect subjunctive of avere/essere:
| avere + p.p. | essere + p.p. | |
| 1sg io
| avessi cantato, visto, messo, dormito
| fossi partito/a
|
