Irish verbs: Second Conjugation
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The largest group of verbs in the second conjugation ends in -aigh.
Contents |
Indicative Mood
Present Indicative
The basic affix for the present indicative, historically, was -ann, with its slender form -eann. Pre-spelling reform Irish used these without change:
éirigheann tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad you.sg/you.pl/they rise, he/she/it rises
ceannaigheann tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad you.sg/you.pl/they buy, he/she/it buys
After the reforms, the string (a)ighe was collapsed into (a)í, with the following a becoming o. Therefore, the modern-day forms are:
éiríonn tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad you.sg/you.pl/they rise, he/she/it rises
ceannaíonn tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad you.sg/you.pl/they buy, he/she/it buys
Basically, the rule (at least for verbs with stem (a)igh) is that the igh becomes í.
The first person singular and the first person plural have distinct forms, like that of the first conjugation. The singular has -(a)ím, and the plural has -(a)ímid:
éirím I rise
ceannaím I buy
éirímid we rise
ceannaímid we buy
The autonomous form is -(a)ítear:
éirítear it is risen, one rises
ceannaítear it is bought, one buys
The Munster Dialect
The changes in the second conjugation mirror those of the first.
The second person singular and the third person plural have individual affixes:
-(a)ír
éirír you.sg rise
ceannaír you.sg buy
-(a)íd
éiríd they rise
ceannaíd they buy
The first person plural affix here has a long vowel:
-(a)ímíd
éirímíd we rise
ceannaímíd we buy
Future Indicative
The formation of the future is where the first and second conjugation differ dramatically. While the basic affix for the first conjugation is -f(a)idh, the second conjugation form -óidh/-eoidh.
The form is used for the first person singular, second person singular/plural and the third person/singular and plural:
éireoidh mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad I/you.sg/he/she/it/you.pl/they will rise
ceannóidh mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad I/you.sg/he/she/it/you.pl/they will buy
The distinct first person plural form is -óimid or -eoimid:
éireoimid we will rise
ceannóimid we will buy
The autonomous form is -ófar/-eofar:
éireofar it will be risen, one will rise
ceannófar it will be bought, one will buy
The Munster Dialect
The first person singular, second person singular and the third person plural have individual affixes:
-ód/-eod
éireod I will rise
ceannód I will buy
-óir/-eoir
éireoir you.sg will rise
ceannóir you.sg will buy
-óid/-eoid
éireoid they will rise
ceannóid they will buy
The first person plural affix has a long vowel:
-óimíd/-eoimíd
éireoimíd we will rise
ceannóimíd we will buy
Imperfect Indicative
The imperfect here parallels the first conjugation.
The third person singular and second person plural share an affix, -(a)íodh:
d'éiríodh sé/sí/sibh you.pl were rising, he/she/it was rising
(do) cheannaíodh sé/sí/sibh you.pl were buying, he/she/it was buying
All other persons have distinct forms:
d'éirínn I was rising
d'éiríteá you.sg were rising
d'éirímis we were rising
d'éirídís they were rising
(do) cheannaínn I was buying
(do) cheannaíteá you.sg were buying
(do) cheannaímis we were buying
(do) cheannaídís they were buying
The autonomous form is -(a)ítí. This form is also lenited:
d'éirítí it was being rose, one was rising
(do) cheannaítí it was being bought, one was buying
The Munster Dialect
The second person singular aspirates the /t/ of the affix:
d'éirítheá you.sg were rising
(do) cheannaítheá you.sg were buying
The first person plural affix has a long vowel:
-(a)ímís
d'éirímís we were rising
(do) cheannaímís we were buying
Past Indicative
The past, like the first conjugation past, is subject to the lenition and d' additions found in the imperfect.
All singular persons, and the second and third persons plural, take no affix, i.e. they use the bare stem:
d'éirigh mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they rose
(do) cheannaigh mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they bought
Only the first person plural has a separate affix in -(a)íomar:
d'éiríomar we rose
(do) cheannaíomar we bought
The autonomous form is -(a)íodh. Unlike the imperfect, or the rest of the past tense, this form is not lenited:
éiríodh it was risen, one rose
ceannaíodh it was bought, one bought
The Munster Dialect
In the Munster dialect, only the third person singular is the bare stem (with lenition); all other forms are synthetic:
d'éiríos I rose
d'éirís you.sg rose
d'éiríobhair you.pl rose
d'éiríodar they rose
(do) cheannaíos I bought
(do) cheannaís you.sg bought
(do) cheannaíobhair you.pl bought
(do) cheannaíodar they bought
The first person plural attenuates the final /r/:
d'éiríomair we rose
(do) cheannaíomair we bought
Conditional
The conditional mood indicates an act that is dependent/conditional on another act. In form, it mimics the imperfect indicative, including lenition and use of d' before vowels/f.
The third person singular and second person plural share an affix, -ódh/-eodh:
d'éireodh sé/sí/sibh you.pl/he/she/it would rise
(do) cheannódh sé/sí/sibh you.pl/he/she/it would buy
All other persons have distinct forms:
d'éireoinn I would rise
d'éireofá you.sg woul rise
d'éireoimis we woul rise
d'éireoidís they would rise
(do) cheannóinn I would buy
(do) cheannófá you.sg would buy
(do) cheannóimis we would buy
(do) cheannóidís they would buy
The autonomous form is -ófaí/-eofaí. This form is not lenited:
éireofaí it would be risen, one would rise
ceannófaí it would be bought, one would buy
The Munster Dialect
The first person plural affix has a long vowel:
-óimís/-eomís
d'éireoimís we would rise
(do) cheannóimís we would buy
Subjunctive
Present Subjunctive
The present subjunctive of second-conjugation verbs all end in -(a)í (older forms affixed the same -e as the first conjugation). The same eclipsis (go) and lenition (a) rules apply.
The present subjunctive is formed thus:
(go) n-éirí mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad (that) I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they rise
(a) h-éirí mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad ibid.
(go) n-éirímid (that) we rise
(a) h-éirímid ibid.
(go) n-éirítear (that) it be risen, (that) one rise
(a) h-éirítear ibid.
(go) gceannnaí mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad (that) I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they buy
(a) cheannaí mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad ibid.
(go) gceannnaímid (that) we buy
(a) cheannaímid ibid.
(go) gceannnaítear (that) it be bought, (that) one buy
(a) cheannaítear ibid.
[NB: Pre-reform forms...
(go) n-éirighe mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad (that) I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they rise
(go) n-éirighimid (that) we rise
etc...
(go) gceannnaighe mé/tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad (that) I/you.sg/you.pl/he/she/it/they buy
(go) gceannnaighimid (that) we buy
etc...]
The Munster Dialect
As in the first conjugation, the Munster present subjunctive is the mutated form of the second person singular, first person plural present and third person plural.
The third person singular and second person plural, which is the same as the standard language.
The full forms thus:
(go) n-éiríod (that) I rise
(go) n-éirír (that) you.sg rise
(go) n-éirí sé/sí (that) he/she/it rise
(go) n-éirímíd (that) we rise
(go) n-éirí sibh (that) you.pl rise
(go) n-éiríd (that) they rise
(go) gceannnaíod (that) I buy
(go) gceannnaír (that) you.sg buy
(go) gceannnaí sé/sí (that) he/she/it buy
(go) gceannnaímíd (that) we buy
(go) gceannnaí sibh (that) you.pl buy
(go) gceannnaíd (that) they buy
Past Subjunctive
The past subjunctive is the same as the imperfect forms above, only subject to changes conditioned on go and a:
(go) n-éirínn (that) I rose
(go) n-éiríteá (that) you.sg rose
[Munster (go) n-éirítheá]
(go) n-éiríodh sé/sí (that) he/she/it rose
(go) n-éirímis (that) we rose
[Munster (go) n-éirímís]
(go) n-éiríodh sibh (that) you.pl rose
(go) n-éirídís (that) they rose
Autonomous (go) n-éirítí (that) it were risen, (that) one rose
(go) gceannaínn (that) I bought
(go) gceannaíteá (that) you.sg bought
[Munster (go) gceannaítheá]
(go) gceannaíodh sé/sí (that) he/she/it bought
(go) gceannaímis (that) we were buying
[Munster (go) gceannaímís]
(go) gceannaíodh sibh (that) you.pl bought
(go) gceannaídís (that) they bought
Autonomous (go) gceannaítí (that) it were bought, (that) one bought
Imperative Mood
The imperative mood is the mood of command. Like the first conjugation, there are six forms in Irish, two "true" form (second person singular and plural) and four supplemental forms (first and third persons singular and plural).
The second person singular form is the bare stem (with -(a)igh):
Éirigh tú! Rise (thou)!
Ceannaigh tú Buy (thou)!
The second plural form adds -(a)ígí to the bare stem without -(a)igh):
Éirígí sibh! Rise (ye)!
Ceannaígí sibh Buy (ye)!
The other forms, except the first person singular, are borrowed from the past subjunctive:
Éireodh sé/sí! Let him/her/it rise!
Éirímis! Let's rise! (Let us rise!)
[Munster Éirímís!]
Éirídís Let them rise!
Autonomous Éirítí! Let it be risen, Let one rise!
Ceannódh sé/sí! Let him/her/it buy!
Ceannóimis! Let's buy! (Let us buy!)
[Munster Ceannóimís!]
Ceannóidís Let them buy!
Autonomous Ceannaítí! Let it be bought, Let one buy!
The first person singular borrowed from the present indicative:
Éirím! Let me rise!
Ceannaím! Let me buy!
