IPA

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IPA stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Contents

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Consonants (pulmonic)

  Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b     t d   ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ     ʔ  
Nasal   m   ɱ     n     ɳ   ɲ   ŋ   ɴ    
Trill   ʙ       r           ʀ    
Tap or Flap         ɾ     ɽ          
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʨ ʥ
Lateral fricative       ɬ ɮ              
Approximant     ʋ     ɹ     ɻ   j   ɰ      
Lateral approximant         l     ɭ   ʎ   ʟ      
  • Note 1: Symbols in the left are voiceless; symbols in the right are voiced.
  • Note 2: Shaded areas represent articulations judged impossible.
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Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o
ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ
  • Note: When two signs appear in pairs, the right one represents a rounded vowel.
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Consonants (non-pulmonic)

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Clicks

  • ʘ - Bilabial
  • ǀ - Dental
  • ǃ - (Post)alveolar
  • ǂ - Palatoalveolar
  • ǁ - Lateral
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Voiced implosives

  • ɓ - Bilabial
  • ɗ - Dental/alveolar
  • ʄ - Palatal
  • ɠ - Velar
  • ʛ - Uvular
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Ejectives

Indicated with ʼ after the letter, as in

  • pʼ - Bilabial
  • tʼ - Dental/alveolar
  • kʼ - Velar
  • sʼ - Alveolar fricative
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Other symbols

  • ʍ - Voiceless labial-velar fricative
  • w - Voiced labial-velar approximant
  • ɥ - Voiced labial-palatal approximant
  • ʜ - Voiceless epiglottal fricative
  • ʢ - Voiced epiglottal fricative
  • ʡ - Epiglottal plosive
  • ɕ ʑ - Alveolo-palatal fricatives, voiceless e voiced respectively
  • ɺ - Alveolar lateral flap
  • ɧ - Simultaneous ʃ and x
  • ʰ A superscript h marks aspiration
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More

Main Page >> General resources >> IPA

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