Hungarian nominals
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Introduction
The word nominal refers to the following parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun. They behave in a similar way in the sentences; they can all have singular and plural forms (even numerals!) and take up the case endings.
Plural forms
Plural is denoted by -k without exception. However, there are no well-defined rules concerning link vowels and vowel dropping, therefore the plural forms must be memorised individually for each word. Link vowels are bound by vowel harmony, they come from the a/o/e/ö group. See examples at the end of the page.
The accusative case
The accusative case is denoted by -t. Note that the case ending is always at the very end of the word, after all the other suffixes (as opposed to Finnish for instance). Similarly to the plural, this form must be learned individually for each word for the same reason. On the other hand, the plural accusative is always simple to form, you just have to add -at/-et after the -k in accordance with vowel harmony.
Examples
| part of speech | word | s. nom. | pl. nom. | s. acc. | pl. acc. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| noun | house | ház | házak | házat | házakat |
| chair | szék | székek | széket | székeket | |
| table | asztal | asztalok | asztalt | asztalokat | |
| human | ember | emberek | embert | embereket | |
| man | férfi | férfiak | férfit | férfiakat | |
| woman | nő | nők | nőt | nőket | |
| gate | kapu | kapuk | kaput | kapukat | |
| ring | gyűrű | gyűrűk | gyűrűt | gyűrűket | |
| damage | kár | károk | kárt | károkat | |
| lamp | lámpa | lámpák | lámpát | lámpákat | |
| tale | mese | mesék | mesét | meséket | |
| earth | föld | földek | földet | földeket | |
| water | víz | vizek | vizet | vizeket | |
| fire | tűz | tüzek | tüzet | tüzeket | |
| bridge | híd | hidak | hidat | hidakat | |
| suffering | kín | kínok | kínt | kínokat | |
| dagger | tőr | tőrök | tőrt | tőröket | |
| bush | bokor | bokrok | bokrot | bokrokat | |
| engine | motor | motorok | motort | motorokat | |
| adjective | big | nagy | nagyok | nagyot | nagyokat |
| small | kicsi | kicsik | kicsit | kicsiket | |
| fast | gyors | gyorsak | gyorsat | gyorsakat | |
| slow | lassú | lassúak | lassút | lassúakat | |
| nice | szép | szépek | szépet | szépeket | |
| ugly | csúnya | csúnyák | csúnyát | csúnyákat | |
| young | fiatal | fiatalok | fiatalt | fiatalokat | |
| old | öreg | öregek | öreget | öregeket | |
| married | házas | házasok | házast | házasokat | |
| pronoun | this | ez | ezek | ezt | ezeket |
| that | az | azok | azt | azokat | |
| who? | ki? | kik? | kit? | kiket? | |
| what? | mi? | mik? | mit? | miket? |
There are some regular changes, e. g. words ending in -a/-e have their last vowel changed to -á/-é. Irregular changes are vowel droppings (e. g. bokor) and shortening (e. g. híd) in the stem. Also, having a link vowel when the stem also ends in a vowel (férfi, lassú) isn't typical either.
