Hil-Hannàr

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This Rihievenian language is a little bit weird because all its words don't bend their stem or termination!

Contents 1 Alphabet & Pronunciation 1.1 Digrams 1.2 Vowels 2 Noun 2.1 Correspondences with Rihieven 2.2 Articles 3 Particles 3.1 with Nouns 3.2 with Verbs 3.3 Prepositions 4 Pronouns 4.1 Relative Pronouns 5 the Verb 5.1 Tenses 5.1.1 The Past 5.1.2 The Future 6 the Sentence 7 See Also

Alphabet & Pronunciation

Hil-Hannàr uses 25 letters:

Hil-Hannàr's Alphabet

symbol	pronunciation	example
a	[a]	like in Latin languages
b	[b]	like in "better"
c	[x]	fricative velar, like "Bach" in German
d	[d]	like in "delicious"
e	[e]/[ε]	like in Italian "bene" or Spanish "bueno"
f	[f]	like in "fee"
g	[g]	ever like in "gun"
h	[h]	like in "house"
ħ	[x]	fricative uvular, much inspired
i	[i]	like in "list"
j	[ʒ]	like "s" of "vision"
k	[k]	ever like in "kebab"
l	[l]	like in "list"
m	[m]	like in "mean"
n	[n]/[ŋ]	dental, like in "never". [ŋ] at the word's end
o	[o]	like in "door"
p	[p]	like in "pain"
r	[r]	trill alveolar, like in Italian/Spanish
s	[s]	ever sibilant
t	[t]	like in "taxi"
u	[u]	like in "routine"
v	[v]	like in "verify"
w	[w]	like in "when"
y	[j]	like in "yet"
z	[z]	like in Dutch "so" in German

Digrams

• ch = [ʧ]
• sh = [ʃ]
• dj = [ʤ]
• th = [θ]
• tz = [ʦ]

Vowels

• oe = [u:]
• oë = [oe]
• ä = [a:] ([æ] at the word's end)
• ë = [e:]
• ö = [ø] (rarely [œ])

Noun

As I wrote the nouns have no flection: "kad" means "apple" and/or "apples" and/or "some apples"(=generic plural). To understand if "ked" is one, two, a lot or more, the only way to know it, is to look at the particle preceding the word (-->particles).

Some noun:

• alfaħ = big tree
• ak = cake
• apesh = monkey
• bend = keyhole
• delim = city
• erleith = strategy
• fode = thought
• felda = handwraps
• ħarken = king
• jorn = branch
• markat = clock
• kad = apple
• kime = angle
• kist = spike
• olèr = altar
• sort = sheet
• socta = room
• sede = box
• zeu = moment (Rihi. "zej" and Fooril "zij")

Correspondences with Rihieven

Here are wrotten some words which are direct descendat of Rihieven. I write as well the Italian translation, because I thought this language in Italian and I think it's just that I give a little part of my work for this. Moreover who knows Italian could understand better what those words means.

Correspondences with Rihieven

Hil-Hannàr	Rihieven	English	Italian
kad	kader	apple	mela
apesh	epar	monkey	scimmia
lorim	loron	veil	velo
markat	merker	clock	orologio
sect	sicter	arrow	freccia
finne	finner	wood, forest	bosco, foresta
varnika	vernacon	peace	pace
stilt	stilift	pen, pen-nib	penna, pennino
keyjde	kijgdin	life	vita
nyat	njatter	insect	insetto
lòrume	rumer, loyrm	medicine, remedy	medicina, rimedio
lurme	lurmer, lùrmerin	ointment	unguento

Articles

Like in Rihieven there are no articles.

Particles

Because Hil-Hannàr hasn't any declantion, the logical function of the words in a sentence is made by the "particles". Those particles are subdivided in two categories: particles and preposition (in Hil-Hannàr the prepositions are considered particles).

with Nouns

• ye = It indicates the singular.
• yin = It indicates the plural.
• yere = It indicates the generic plural.

• ni = one, a, an
• yere = some, any

Examples:

• ye apesh = monkey
• yin apesh = monkeys

with Verbs

• kith = It makes the perfect (past simple).
• moed = It makes the conditionale (like "would")
• le = It makes the infinitive (used with those verbs that have a soft accented vowel)
• lo = It makes the infinitive (used with those verbs that have an hard accented vowel)

Hard Vowels

A; O; U

Soft Vowels

E; I; Ö

Examples:

• ga löm --> le-lömmä
• ga lufte --> lo-lufte (if the verb ends with a vowel, one hasn't to add "ë"[soft] or "ä" [hard])
• ga mintèller --> le-mintèllerë

Examples:

• Ga kith fode il ni sede = I thought to a box
• Ga ulle kith ral ni ak gale = I just wanted to eat a cake

Prepositions

• sa = of (genitive)
• il = to (in any sense)
• ben = from, by, like (Ne ordal ben Spanye = He's from Spain/Ne gorke ben lozaan = He works as doctor)
• hes = with (with friends)
• ur = up, over, on (ur fem yafe = on your head/ga ral ur Spanye naal = I want to go in Spain/Ga laar ur Jak = I'm talking about Jak)
• or = in, into (Ga min or ye kinna = I'm in the house)
• er = out
• erdar = outside
• untal = under
• var = for
• ovar = through (also figurative)
• entar = beyond, behind
• men = without
• inrit = between

Pronouns

The verbal sistem of Hil-Hannàr is very simple, so I won't tell much more about it. Yet Hil-Hannàr compensate this scarcity with a complex pronouns's system.

Pronoun	Translation	Object Pronoun	Translation
Ga	I	gem	me
Fe	you (sg.)	fae	(to) you (sg.)
Kha	You (sg. cortesy)	Kae	(to) You (sg. cortesy)
Ne	He	Ner	Him
Vyel	She	Vyeler	Her
Ve	It	Hev	It
De	He/She/It	hed	him/her/it
Om	We	uhm	us
Omen	We two	uhmen	us two
Ro	you (pl.)	Roe	you (pl.)
Roħ	You (pl. cortesy)	Roħe	(to) You (pl. cortesy)
Roher	you (pl. masc.)	Rohern	(to) you (pl. masc.)
Rohel	you (pl. fem.)	Roheler	(to) you (pl. fem)
Rohen	You two	Rohener	(to) you two
Djin	They	Djinem	them
Djiner	They (masc.)	Djinerm	them (m.)
Djinel	They (fem.)	Djinelm	them (f.)
Djinen	They two	Djinern	them two

Relative Pronouns

jel = that, which, who

"jel" is as well a conjunction, when it's conjunction one could don't use it.

the Verb

The verb in Hil-Hannàr has basically four moods:

• Infinitive
• Indicative
• Conditional (used as well like Optative)
• Imperative

But the verb changes only in the infinitive mood (except some irregular verb):

le-drigë = "take"

• drigë (+ particle le)
• drig (+ past's particle kith)
• drig + particle (moed, Old Hannàr: fo)
• drig + pronoun's particle (ka --> kha/fe, de --> ne/vièl/ve/de, re --> ro/roħ, dje --> djin)

Example:

• roaħ = howl!
• roaħ(a) ka! = howl! (thou)
• Ga moed ral jel fe fo gale = I'd like that you eat

Tenses

Each Mood has 3 tenses: Present, Past and Future.

• The Present is easy to use:

• Example: Om ral = We want, Om fode jel ro min shoe = We think that you are crazy... etc.

• --> The Infinitive Future it's used like the Participle Future in Latin.

The Past

Using the particle kith + verb one obtains the past.

Examples:

• Ga kith ral = I wanted (or wished)
• Ne kith gale ye ak, dan ne kith skar huvmen = He ate the cake, but in any case he died

• Ne moed kith ral = He'd have wanted/wished
• Ga fode jel ro fo kith gale = I think that you "wished" eat

--> It appears weird because there's not a real translation of Optative in English... but the optative describes a wished action.

The Future

The Future is made by the auxiliary verb "rac" (obtain) + predicative verb (at the sentence's end).

Some example:

• Ga rac gale = I will eat
• Ro rac ye ak gale = You will eat the cake
• Ro rac ye ak or kinna hes yin rom broener gale = You will eat a cake with your friends at home

the Sentence

It's a SVO-type language (also SOV), but when there are 2 or more verbs, the other verbs/complements go at the sentence's end.

Examples:

• Ga gale ye kad = I eat the apple
• Ga ral ni kad gale = I want to eat an apple
• Ga moed ral ni toge kad gale = I'd like eat a big apple
• Ga fode jel ni ej ga rac ur Spanye naal = I think that a day I will go in Spain
• Ga ral ni ak or farn hes yin julsim gale = I want to eat a cake of bread with candieds

...literally:

• "I eat ('the') apple"
• "I want an apple eat"
• "I 'would' want a big apple eat"
• "I think "that" a day I will on Spain go"
• "I want a cake in bread with cadieds eat"

See Also

• Conlangs
• My Conlangs