Greek grammar: Verbs
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Contents |
Principal Parts
There are three stems for each verb:
- Present stem: used to from the present (active and passive), imperfect (active and passive), future continuous (active and passive), conditional, present subjunctive (active and passive) and (continuous) imperative.
- Aorist stem: used to form the active aorist, the active future simple, the active aorist subjunctive and the (aorist) imperative.
- Passive aorist stem: used to form the passive aorist, the passive definite future and the passive aorist subjunctive.
The past participle is the fourth and last principal part.
Obtaining the principal parts:
| Present | Aorist | Pass. aorist | Pass. part. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st conjugation | |||
| -τ- -θ- -ζ-(most) | -σ- | -στ- | -σμένος |
| -κ- -γ(γ)- -χ(ν)- -σσ- -ττ- -ζ-(some) | -ξ- | -χτ- | -γμένος |
| -π(τ)- -β- -φ(τ)- -ευ- -αυ- | -ψ- | -φτ- | -μμένος |
| -ν- | -σ- | -θ-, -σκ-(some) | -μένος |
| Some verbs | No change | -θ- | -μένος |
| 2nd conjugation | |||
| Most verbs | Add -ησ- | Add -ηθ- | -ημένος |
| Some verbs | Add -ασ- | Add -αστ- | -ασμένος |
| Some verbs | Add -εσ- | Add -εθ- | -εμένος |
| Some verbs | Add -ηξ- | Add -ηχτ- | ? |
| Some verbs | Add -αξ- | Add -αχτ- | ? |
Endings
Present endings
1st conjugation:
| πιάνω | πιάνουμε |
| πιάνεις | πιάνετε |
| πιάνει | πιάνουν |
2nd conjugation A:
| αγαπώ (αγαπάω) | αγαπούμε (αγαπάμε) |
| αγαπάς | αγαπάτε |
| αγαπά | αγαπούν(ε) (αγαπάν(ε)) |
2nd conjugation B:
| μπορώ | μπορούμε |
| μπορείς | μπορείτε |
| μπορεί | μπορούν(ε) |
Past endings
| έπιασα | πιάσαμε |
| έπιασες | πιάσατε |
| έπιασε | έπιασαν or πιάσανε |
Passive present endings
1st conjugation:
| πιάνομαι | πιανόμαστε |
| πιάνεσαι | πιάνεστε (πιανόσαστε) |
| πιάνεται | πιάνονται |
2nd conjugation:
| αγαπιέμαι | αγαπιόμαστε |
| αγαπιέσαι | αγαπιέστε(αγαπιόσαστε |
| αγαπιέται | αγαπιούνται |
Passive imperfect endings
1st conjugation:
| πιανόμουν | πιανόμασταν |
| πιανόσουν | πιανόσασταν |
| πιανόταν | πιάνονταν (πιανόντουσαν) |
2nd conjugation:
| αγαπιόμουν | αγαπιόμασταν |
| αγαπιόσουν | αγαπιόσασταν |
| αγαπιόταν | αγαπιόνταν (αγαπιόντουσαν) |
Tenses
Simple Tenses
Present (ενεστώτας)
Active: present stem+present endings
Passive: present stem+passive present endings
Imperfect (παρατατικός)
Active 1st: (ε)+present stem+past endings
Active 2nd: present stem+ούσ+past endings
Passive: present stem+passive imperfect endings
Aorist (αόριστος)
Active 1st: (ε)+aorist stem+past endings
Active 2nd: aorist stem+past endings
Passive: passive aorist stem+ηκ+past endings
Future continuous (εξακολουθητικός μέλλοντας)
Active: θα + subjunctive present
Passive: θα + subjuntive present passive
Future simple (στιγμιαίος μέλλοντας)
Active: θα + subjunctive aorist
Passive: θα + subjuntive aorist passive
Conditional:
Active: θα + imperfect
Passive: θα + imperfect passive
Subjunctive present
Active: equal to present
Passive: equal to present passive
Subjunctive aorist
Active: aorist stem+present endings (except for a few irregular verbs)
Passive: passive aorist stem+present endings; accent goes on the ending
Compound Tenses
Present perfect (παρακείμενος)
Active: έχω(conjugated) + subjunctive aorist 3rd pers. sing
Passive: έχω(conjugated) + subjunctive aorist passive 3rd pers. sing
Past perfect (υπερσυντέλικος)
Active: είχα(conjugated) + subjunctive aorist 3rd pers. sing
Passive: είχα(conjugated) + subjunctive aorist passive 3rd pers. sing
Future perfect (συντελεσμένος μέλλοντας)
Active: θα + present perfect
Passive: θα + present perfect passive
Imperative
Present
| 1st | 2nd | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd singular | pres. stem+-ε | pres. stem+-α |
| 2nd plural | pres. stem+-ετε | pres. stem+-άτε |
| 1st | 2nd | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd singular | πιάνε | αγάπα |
| 2nd plural | πιάνετε | αγαπάτε |
Aorist
| 1st | 2nd | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd singular | aor. stem+-ε | aor. stem+-ε |
| 2nd plural | aor. stem+-(ε)τε | aor. stem+-τε |
| 1st | 2nd | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd singular | πιάσε | αγάπησε |
| 2nd plural | πιάσ(ε)τε | αγαπήστε |
Passive
This is an aorist verb form, but there is no corresponding present form, so it is used for both aspects.
| 1st and 2nd | |
|---|---|
| 2nd singular | aor. stem+-ου |
| 2nd plural | pass. aor. stem+-είτε |
| 1st | 2nd | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd singular | πιάσου | αγαπήσου |
| 2nd plural | πιαστείτε | αγαπηθείτε |
Participles
Present participle
First conjugation: -οντας
Second conjugation: -ώντας
These are never conjugated.
Past participle
Ends is -μένος and is conjugated like adjectives. See table of principal parts to see how it is constructed.
Deponent Verbs
Deponent verbs are active in meaning but have a passive form. There are deponent verbs of the first and second conjugation, which have endings like normal passive verbs. They should be treated as if they were passive, so the aorist is formed with the passive aorist stem, for example.
In the second conjugation, there are two aditional sub-groups containing only deponent verbs:
2nd conjugation C:
| κοιμάμαι (κοιμούμαι) | κοιμόμαστε (κοιμούμαστε) |
| κοιμάσαι | κοιμάστε (κοιμόσαστε) |
| κοιμάται | κοιμούνται |
2nd conjugation D:
| μιμούμαι | μιμούμαστε |
| μιμείσαι | μιμείστε |
| μιμείται | μιμούνται |
The imperfect is formed with the passive imperfect endings, as if the verb were a normal passive. Verbs of class 2C use the endings of the first conjugation; verbs of 2D use the endings of the second conjugation, but with the -ιο- replaced with -ου-.
The aorist is formed by deriving a passive aorist root from what would be the present root of the verbs if it existed, ie, the form in the present without the endings. Then -ηκ- and the normal past endings are added.
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