Dalecarlian strongly conjugated masculine nouns

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Generic Declension Pattern

The strong masculine nouns generically follow the following declension pattern:


Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom stem + | stem + e + n stem + er stem + a + ñer
Ack stem + | stem + | + in stem + a stem + a + ña
Dat stem + i stem + i + ñum stem + um stem + um + iñ
Gen stem + i + s stem + i + ñum + is stem + um + is stem + um + i + s


where | denotes that there is no special ending.

Note: Alternatively, though somewhat archaic, there is a special ending for strongly conjugated masculine nouns, namely -r. Thus, one has armr instead of arm in this special style. The pronunciation of this ending is [E], so armr is pronunced [Arm´E].

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Type A - Generic Pattern

We'll choose the noun arm ('arm'). This is are our declination pattern, i.e. all strong masculine nouns that belong to this type are declined like this. Note that this type follows the generic prescription above for strong masculine nouns without deviation.
'arm' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom arm armen armer armañer
Ack arm armin arma armaña
Dat armi armiñum armum armumiñ
Gen armis armiñumis armumis armumis



Examples of nouns declined like arm:

  • trjóg ('snow shoe'),
  • varg ('wolf'),
  • pojk ('boy'),
  • mugg ('mosquito'),
  • makk ('worm'),
  • djørg ('spider').


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Type B - Apocopated Generic Pattern

'man' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom kall kalln kaller kallañer
Ack kall kalln kalla kallaña
Dat kalli kalliñum kallum kallumiñ
Gen kallis kalliñumis kallumis kallumis


Examples of nouns declined like kall:

  • mǿl ('ball'),
  • fóss ('rapids, waterfall'),
  • garð ('yard, estate'),
  • vott ('glove'),
  • bjønn ('bear'),
  • stein ('stone').
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Type C - Deviated Nom/Ack Plural Ending

'smith' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom smið smiðin [smi:nn] smiðir smiðiñer
Ack smið smiðin [smi:nn] smiði smiðiña
Dat smiði smiðiñum smiðum smiðumiñ
Gen smiðis [smi:s] smiðiñumis smiðumis smiðumis


Examples of nouns declined like smið:

  • vef ('web'),
  • við ('wood'),
  • staf ('stick'),
  • røf ('fox'),
  • bátstað ('marina'),
  • mánað ('month').
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Type D - Apocopated Deviated Nom/Ack Plural Ending

'valley' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom dal daln dalir daliñer
Ack dal daln dali daliña
Dat dali daliñum dalum dalumiñ
Gen dalis daliñumis dalumis dalumis


Examples of nouns declined like dal:

  • sun ('son'),
  • lit ('paint'),
  • kjøl ('wilds'),
  • lout ('arable land').
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Type E - Vowel Stem Ending

'barn' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom ló lón [l\UO:nn] lóer lóañer
Ack ló lón [l\UO:nn] lóa lóaña
Dat ló lóm [l\UO:mm] lóum lóumiñ
Gen lós lómis lóumis lóumis


Examples of nouns declined like ló:

  • sjú [sIu:] ('lake'),
  • sá ('container (of liquid)'),
  • hó ('trough'),
  • fló ('calm water (in a river)').
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Type F - Vowel Stem Ending; Deviated Plural Endings

'scythe' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom ljá lján [l\Io:nn] ljáner ljánañer
Ack ljá lján [l\Io:nn] ljá ljánaña
Dat ljá ljám [l\Io:mm] ljám [l\Io:mm] ljámiñ
Gen ljás ljámis ljámis ljámis


Examples of nouns declined like ljá:

  • skó ('shoe').
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Type G - Phonetically Complicated Stem Ending

'winter' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom vitr vitrn [wItt´Ern`] vitrer vitrañer
Ack vitr vitrn [wItt´Ern`] vitra [wItt`Er] vitraña
Dat vitri [wItt`Er] vitriñum vitrum vitrumiñ
Gen vitris [wItt`Er'es] vitriñumis vitrumis vitrumis



Examples of nouns declined like vitr (note that all these are graphically monosyllabic, but are pronunced bisyllabic):

  • ugn ('oven'),
  • vagn ('wagon'),
  • svemn ('sleep'),
  • fugl ('bird, fowl').
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Type H - Multisyllabic Stem

'hammer' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom håmår håmårn hambrer hambrañer
Ack håmår håmårn håmår hambraña
Dat håmår hambriñum hambrum hambrumiñ
Gen håmåris hambriñumis hambrumis hambrumis



Examples of nouns declined like håmår:

  • aksul ('axle'),
  • fetil ('strap'),
  • gaffil ('fork'),
  • himil ('heaven'),
  • ákul ('ankle').
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Type I - Multisyllabic Stem; -gil or -kil Stem Ending

'key' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom nykil [ny'tSyl\] nykiln [ny'tSyl\n`] nykler nyklañer
Ack nykil [ny'tSyl\] nykiln [ny'tSyl\n`] nykla [ny`kkEl\] nyklaña
Dat nykli [ny`kkEl\] nykliñum nyklum nyklumiñ
Gen nyklis [ny`kkEl\'es] nykliñumis nyklumis nyklumis


Examples of nouns declined like nykil:

  • pyngil ('bundle'),
  • skekil ('thigh'),
  • krykil [kry'tSyl\] ('crooked twig').
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Type J - Miscellaneous

'man' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom mann mann menn mennañer
Ack mann mann menn mennaña
Dat manni manniñum mannum mannumiñ
Gen mannis manniñumis mannumis mannumis


Note: When using the -r ending, one writes maðr [mA:´DE] instead of *mannr. In fact, all Type B nouns with a stem ending with -nn are treated in this way as well. Example: muðr [mu:´DE] ('mouth'), not *munnr.

'morning' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom morgun morgun menner mennañer
Ack morgun morgun menna mennaña
Dat morgun menniñum mennum mennumiñ
Gen morguns menniñumis mennumis mennumis


'brother' Indef Sing Def Sing Indef Plur Def Plur
Nom bróðir (bróðirn) brǿðrr brǿðrañer
Ack bróðir (bróðirn) brǿðr brǿðraña
Dat bróðir (bróðiram) brǿðrum brǿðrumiñ
Gen bróðiris (bróðramis) brǿðrumis brǿðrumis




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