2. The binyanim, zmanim (tenses), and gzarot

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The binyanim are basically the verb conjugations of Hebrew, and each binyan has (again, in theory) a particular function, which combined with roots produces verbs.
There are 7 basic binyanim:
פעל pa'al - simple active
נפעל nif'al - simple passive
פיעל pi'el - intensive active
פועל pu'al - intensive passive
הפעיל hif'il - causative active
הופעל huf'al - causative passive
התפעל hitpa'el - reflexive
The three minor binyanim are but variations of the binyanim pi'el, pu'al and hitpa'el, respectively:
פולל polel
פולל polal
התפולל hitpolel
The binyanim themselves are the third person singular masculine ("he") past tense form of the verb, and the form you will look for in dictionaries.
There are 4 basic tenses, each with their own sets of affixes.
While most verbs are made up of "perfect" roots (which remain the same throughout the conjugation), there are many which contain weak letters (ו, ×™, × , ל) which sometimes disappear, or guttural letters (×?, ×”, ×—, ×¢, ר) which alter the basic vowel pattern of the binyanim.
These exceptions are classified under the different gzarot ("forms"). Gizrat shlemim ("perfect") is for perfect roots; all others are listed by the weak or guttural letter and its position in the root.