Serbian verb types
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Verbs in -ati
-ati, -am
Infinitive: pitati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: pitam
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: pitaju
Imperative: pitaj
Act. participle: pitao/pitala
Pass. participle: pitan
Similar verbs:dati, gledati, znati, slušati, igrati, čuvati, spavati, uvažavati, navikavati.
-ati, -em
Infinitive: orati, pisati, zvati
Pres. 1st.p.sg:
- (A) Without iotation: orem
- (B) With ioatation: pišem
- (C) With vowel inserting into the stem (o or e): zovem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: oru, pišu, zovu
Imperative: ori, piši, zovi
Act. participle: orao/orala, pisao/pisala, zvao/zvala
Pass. participle: oran, pisan, zvan
Similar verbs: kašljati (kašljem), lajati (lajem), počinjati (počinjem), rvati se (rvem se), kretati (krećem), glodati (glođem), plakati (plačem), vezati (vežem), lagati (lažem), kapati (kapljem), hramati (hramljem), brati (berem), prati (perem), klati (koljem)
-ati, -im
Infinitive: držati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: držim
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: drže
Imperative: drži
Act. participle: držao/držala
Pass. participle: držan
Similar verbs: ležati, čučati, blejati, zaspati, pljuštati, zviždati, bojati se
- NOTE: stajati - stojim also belongs in this group.
-ovati, -ujem
Infinitive: poštovati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: poštujem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: poštuju
Imperative: poštuj
Act. participle: poštovao/poštovala
Pass. participle: poštovan
Similar verbs: kupovati, verovati, putovati, trgovati, mirovati, kovati, psovati, trovati, napredovati, razlikovati
-evati, -ujem
Infinitive: bičevati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: bičujem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: bičuju
Imperative: bičuj
Act. participle: bičevao/bičevala
Pass. participle: bičevan
Similar verbs: kraljevati, carevati, prijateljevati, mačevati
-avati, -ajem
Infinitive: davati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dajem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: daju
Imperative: daji
Act. participle: davao/davala
Pass. participle: davan
Similar verbs: udavati, poznavati, priznavati
- NOTE: the imperative form of these verbs is rarely used and is often replaced by the imperative of their perfective counterparts: daj (dati), poznaj (poznati), etc.
-ivati, -ujem
Infinitive: darivati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: darujem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: daruju
Imperative: daruj
Act. participle: darivao/darivala
Pass. participle: darivan
Similar verbs: kazivati, oplakivati, zagađivati, pobeđivati, dobacivati, objavljivati, sahranjivati
- NOTE: Some verbs in -ivati belong to the -ati, -am type: osnivati (osnivam), dozivati (dozivam), potkivati (potkivam), zalivati (zalivam)
-uvati, -ujem
Infinitive: pljuvati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: pljujem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: pljuju
Imperative: pljuj
Act. participle: pluvao/pljuvala
Pass. participle: pljuvan
Similar verbs: bljuvati, kljuvati
- NOTE: Some verbs in -uvati belong to the -ati, -am type: kuvati (kuvam), duvati (duvam), čuvati (čuvam), obuvati (obuvam), izuvati (izuvam)
Verbs in -eti
-eti, -em
With -e-
Infinitive: umeti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: umem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: umeju
Imperative: umej
Act. participle: umeo/umela
Pass. participle: none
Similar verbs: smeti, razumeti, uspeti, dospeti, prispeti
- NOTE: The -e- is present in the 3rd person plural or present, imperative and active participle.
Without -e-
Infinitive: umreti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: umrem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: umru
Imperative: umri
Act. participle: umro/umrla
Pass. participle: none
Similar verbs: dopreti, upreti, nadreti
- NOTE: The -e- is absent in the 3rd person plural or present, imperative and active participle.
- NOTE: nazreti and prezreti belong to this type, but they have -e- in the active participle: nazreo/nazrela, prezreo/prezrela
With an irregular stem
Infinitive: uzeti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: uzmem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: uzmu
Imperative: uzmi
Act. participle: uzeo/uzela
Pass. participle: uzet
Similar verbs: oteti (otmem), zapeti (zapnem), popeti (popnem), početi (počnem), začeti (začnem), kleti (kunem), mleti (meljem), peti (penjem), doneti (donesem)
- NOTE: the passive participle of mleti is mleven and not mlet
- NOTE: All verbs in -eti, -esem belong to this group and act like doneti
-eti, -im
Infinitive: videti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: vidim
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: vide
Imperative: vidi
Act. participle: video/videla
Pass. participle: viđen
Similar verbs: želeti, trpeti, živeti, goreti, leteti, ogladneti, vrteti, smrdeti
- NOTE: iotation occurs in the passive participle
Verbs in -iti
-iti, -im
Infinitive: nositi
Pres. 1st.p.sg: nosim
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: nose
Imperative: nosi
Act. participle: nosio/nosila
Pass. participle: nošen
Similar verbs: gasiti, gaziti, krojiti, voziti, moliti, krstiti, graditi, ljubiti, misliti, žuriti, govoriti, skočiti, tumačiti, trošiti
- NOTE: iotation occurs in the passive participle
-iti, -ijem
Infinitive: biti, šiti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: bijem, šijem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: biju, šiju
Imperative: bij, šij
Act. participle: bio/bila, šio/šila
Pass. participle: bijen, šiven
Similar verbs: (like biti) piti, viti, ubiti, razbiti, dobiti, ispiti, popiti; (like šiti) liti, kriti, umiti, razviti, saviti, naviti, izliti, uliti, proliti, sakriti, pokriti, otkriti
Verbs in -uti
-uti, -ujem
Infinitive: čuti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: čujem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: čuju
Imperative: čuj
Act. participle: čuo/čula
Pass. participle: čuven
Similar verbs: obuti, izuti, naduti
-nuti, -nem
Infinitive: dirnuti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dirnem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: dirnu
Imperative: dirni
Act. participle: dirnuo/dirnula
Pass. participle: dirnut
Similar verbs: nagnuti, upregnuti, trgnuti, pljunuti, tonuti, ginuti, venuti, viknuti, šapnuti, maknuti (maći), taknuti (taći), niknuti (nići) naviknuti (navići), puknuti (pući), crknuti (crći)
- NOTE: stati, stanem and all verbs derived from it with prefixes (postati, zastati, prestati, ustati) also belong to this type. The active participle is stao/stala and the passive participle doesn't exist
- NOTE: verbs in -knuti, -knem have another infinitive form in -ći, and another form for the active participle (see -ći, -knem)
-suti, -spem
Infinitive: prosuti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: prospem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: prospu
Imperative: prospi
Act. participle: prosuo/prosula
Pass. participle: prosut
Past verbal adverb: prosuvši
Similar verbs: posuti, nasuti, zasuti, rasuti, dosuti, obasuti
Verbs in -rti (syllabic r)
-rti, -rem
Infinitive: trti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: trem, tarem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: tru', taru
Imperative: tri, tari
Act. participle: tro/trla
Pass. participle: trven, trt
Similar verbs: potrti, zatrti, satrti, utrti, zastrti/zastreti (zastrem), prostrti/prostreti (prostrem)
Verbs in -sti
-sti, -tem
Infinitive: plesti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: pletem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: pletu
Imperative: pleti
Act. participle: pleo/plela
Pass. participle: pleten
Similar verbs: omesti, cvasti
-sti, -tnem
Infinitive: sresti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: sretnem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: sretnu
Imperative: sretni
Act. participle: sreo/srela
Pass. participle: none
-sti, -dem
Infinitive: dovesti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dovedem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: dovedu
Imperative: dovedi
Act. participle: doveo/dovela
Pass. participle: doveden
Similar verbs: other verbs in -vesti (imperfective counterparts in -voditi, compare -sti, -zem), jesti, presti, krasti
-sti, -dnem
Infinitive: pasti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: padnem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: padnu
Imperative: padni
Act. participle: pao/pala
Pass. participle: none (but transitive napasti has napadnut)
Similar verbs: other verbs in -pasti, sesti
- NOTE: the impersative form of sesti can be both sedni and sedi
-sti, -sem
Infinitive: tresti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: tresem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: tresu
Imperative: tresi
Act. participle: tresao
Pass. participle: tresen
Similar verbs: spásti (spásem), pásti (pásem)
- NOTE: spasiti (spasim, oni spase, spasio, spašen) is another (and newer) form of the verb spásti (spásem). It belongs to the type -iti, -im
- NOTE: spàsti (spàdnem) and pàsti (pàdnem) are different verbs (with a short a) and belong to the type -sti, -dnem
-sti, -zem
Infinitive: dovesti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dovezem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: dovezu
Imperative: dovezi
Act. participle: dovezao/dovezla
Pass. participle: dovezen
Similar verbs: other verbs in -vesti (imperfective counterparts in -voziti, compare -sti, -dem), vésti (vézem), gristi (grizem), musti (muzem)
-psti, -pem
Infinitive: crpsti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: crpem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: crpu
Imperative: crpi
Act. participle: crpao/crpla
Pass. participle: crpen
Similar verbs: iscrpsti
- NOTE: the passive participle of the imperfective counterparts crpiti and iscrpiti - crpljen and iscrpljen (type -iti, -im) are used more.
-psti, -bem
Infinitive: grepsti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: grebem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: grebu
Imperative: grebi
Act. participle: grebao/grebla
Pass. participle: greben
Similar verbs: dupsti, ogrepsti, izdubsti
- NOTE: the imperfective counterparts (o)grebati ((o)grebem, pass.p. (o)greban) and (iz)dubiti (iz)dubiti ((iz)dubim, pass.p. (iz)dubljen) are used more.
Verbs in -ći
-ći, -knem
Infinitive: nići
Pres. 1st.p.sg: puknem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: puknu
Imperative: pukni
Act. participle: puknuo/puknula, pukao/pukla
Pass. participle: puknut
Similar verbs: maći (maknuti), taći (taknuti), nići (niknuti) navići (naviknuti), crći (crknuti)
- NOTE: All these verbs have another infinitive form in -knuti (see -nuti, -nem)
-ći, -gnem
Infinitive: dići
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dignem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: dignu
Imperative: digni
Act. participle: digao/digla
Pass. participle: dignut
Similar verbs: stići, pomoći, leći, pobeći, izbeći
- NOTE: Verbs leći and pomoći have another imperative form - lezi and pomozi.
-ći, -čem
Infinitive: peći
Pres. 1st.p.sg: pečem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: peku
Imperative: peci
Act. participle: pekao/pekla
Pass. participle: pečen
Similar verbs: reći, seći, teći, obući, vući and other verbs in -vući
- NOTE: palatalization (k>č) is found in all forms of the present tense, except for the 3rd person plural, and also in the pas; sibilarization (k>c) is found in the imperative forms.
- NOTE: reći has another present form in -knem (reknem, rekneš, ...., reknu). This form is used more with verbs derived from reći - izreći, proreći, etc.
-ći, -žem
Infinitive: strići
Pres. 1st.p.sg: strižem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: strigu
Imperative: strizi
Act. participle: strigao/strigla
Pass. participle: strižen
Similar verbs: žeći
- NOTE: palatalization (g>ž) is found in all forms of the present tense, except for the 3rd person plural, and also in the pas; sibilarization (g>z) is found in the imperative forms.
-ći, -šem
Infinitive: vrći
Pres. 1st.p.sg: vršem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: vrhu
Imperative: vrsi
Act. participle: vrhao/vrla
Pass. participle: vršen
- NOTE: palatalization (h>š) is found in all forms of the present tense, except for the 3rd person plural, and also in the pas; sibilarization (h>s) is found in the imperative forms.
-ći, -dem/-đem
Infinitive: íći, otići
Pres. 1st.p.sg: idem, odem (archaic: otidem)
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: idu, odu(archaic: otidu)
Imperative: idi, otidi
Past verbal adverb: išavši, otišavši
Act. participle: išao/išla, otišao
Pass. participle: none
All other verbs derived from ići: izaći, izaći, izići, doći, prići, sići, obići, naići, naći, preći, proći have đ instead of d:
Infinitive: doći
Pres. 1st.p.sg: dođem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: dođu
Imperative: dođi
Past verbal adverb: došavši
Act. participle: došao/došla
Pass. participle: only nađen (naći) and pređen (preći), the rest of the verbs are intransitive
Irregular verbs
zreti
Infinitive: zreti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: zrim and zrem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: zru
Imperative: zri
Act. participle: zreo/zrela
Similar verbs: dozreti, sazreti, prezreti (Past verbal adverb in -zrevši)
- NOTE: prezreti (prezrim) means 'to become too mature' and prezreti (prezrem) means 'to despise' (type -eti, -em)
slati
Infinitive: slati
Pres. 1st.p.sg: šaljem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: šalju
Imperative: šalji
Act. participle: slao/slala
Past verbal adverb: slavši
Pass. participle: slan, slat
Similar verbs: poslati, odaslati, razaslati
žeti
Infinitive: žeti
Pres. 1st.p.sg: žanjem, žnjem
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: žanju, žnju
Imperative: žanji, žnji
Act. participle: žeo/žela, žnjeo/žnjela
Pass. participle: žnjeven
Similar verbs: požnjeti (used more than požeti)
moći
Infinitive: moći
Pres. 1st.p.sg: mogu (možeš, može, možemo, možete)
Pres. 3rd.p.pl: mogu
Imperative: none
Act. participle: mogao/mogla
Pass. participle: none
References
Klajn, I. (2005) Gramatika srpskog jezika, Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva
