Munasto verbs 2

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Contents 1 Forms and Functions (Cont.) 1.1 Imperative 1.1.1 Negative 1.1.2 Usage 1.2 Participles 1.2.1 Usage

Forms and Functions (Cont.)

Imperative

All verbs drop the -ás of the infinitive, then add -óm:

roptaldás "to dress s.o." --> Roptaldóm "Dress s.o.!"
kambás "to unite" --> Kambóm "Unite!"
nurás "to eat" --> Nuróm "Eat!"
sakás "to write (to)" --> Sakóm "Write!"
shantalás "to be important" --> Shantalóm "Be important!"
hanalás "to be selfish" --> Hanalóm "Be selfish!"

Negative

The negative adds mok before the imperative:

roptaldás "to dress s.o." --> Mok roptaldóm "Dress s.o.!"
kambás "to unite" --> Mok kambóm "Unite!"
etc...

Usage

The imperative is the mood in Munasto of command, order and request:

• Jiraldom shamem i shasaduntak "Walk my child to school!"
• Jirom o i shasaduntak bin da iegia (ha) rob adambek "Walk to school before I go to work"
• Nurom fu vordozem "Eat this apple!"

The imperative is only used with second person subject. First- and third-person requests (i.e. "let") use the Jussive formation (fe + the Future tense):

Gen fe nuregi vordozem! "Let's eat an apple!"
Fe jirom o i shasaduntak "Let him walk to work"

Participles

There are two types of participles, the active and the passive. The active affix drops the -s of the infinitive, then adds -i:

roptaldás "to dress s.o." --> roptaldái "dressed"
kambás "to unite" --> kambái "united"
nurás "to eat" --> nurái "eaten"
sakás "to write (to)" --> sakái "written"

The passive affix drops the -s of the infinitive, then adds -ne:

roptaldás "to dress s.o." --> roptaldáne "been dressed"
kambás "to unite" --> kambáne "been united"
nurás "to eat" --> nuráne "been eaten"

Certain types of verbs only have active participles:

• Class 2b verbs ("adjectival"):
  • shantalás "to be important" --> shantalái "been important"
    
  • hanalás "to be selfish" --> hanalái "been selfish"
• most intransitive verbs:
  • sakás "to write (to)" --> sakáne "been written"
    

Verbs of motion, however, do have passive participles in Munasto (sometimes with a slight change in meaning):
is "to come" --> ine "been brought"
ses "to go" --> sene "been taken"

Usage

The participle is used in Munasto to form the perfect and the passive. Both participles are used with varying forms of nas "to be":

• Ei shamem jiraldai i shasaduntak "I have walked my child to school"
• Nau jirai o i shasaduntak bin da ogo iei (ha) rob adambek "He had walked to school before I went* to work"
• Ei fu vordozem nurai "I have (just) eaten this apple"

*Note the translation of the future perfect as a simple past tense. This is due to a principle of matching temporal referents.